Similarly to the Gisr el-Mudir, we found that the Deep Trench compartments likely served to transfer water with low suspended sediment concentration to the downstream compartments by overflowing. The process of using a series of connected tanks to filter water and remove sediment is an ancient technique that has been extensively documented in archaeological and scientific literature [93–96]. This method has been employed for centuries to clean water and has played a significant role in the development of water treatment practices. Then, current hydrological monitoring on Egyptian wadis beyond technical analysis located further to the north and experiencing comparable annual rainfall (i.e., 100–200 mm/yr) showed that only 1–3% of this mean annual precipitation was measured as runoff, i.e., surface flows [41]. This average range is hereafter used for conservative, first-order estimations of available water volume, referred hereafter to as the ‘water resource’.
Beyond Technical Analysis
When considering the technical implications of constructing a dam, water treatment facility, and lift, it is clear that such work results from a long-standing technical tradition. Beyond the technical aspects, it reflects modernity through the interactions between various professions and expertise. Even though basic knowledge in the hydraulics field existed during the early Dynastic period, this work seems to exceed the technical accomplishments mentioned in https://forexarena.net/ the literature of that time, like the Foggaras or smaller dams. Moreover, the designs of these technologies, such as the Gisr el-Mudir check-dam, indicate that well-considered choices were made in anticipation of their construction.
The central hydraulic lift system
Overall, the hydraulic lift could have been a complementary construction technique to those in the literature for the Old Kingdom [8, 10]. Indeed, it is unlikely that a single, exclusive building technique was used by the ancient architects but that a variety of methods were employed in order to adapt to the various constraints or unforeseen circumstances of a civil engineering site, such as a dry spell. Therefore, the beginning of the pyramid building was most probably performed using ramps prolonging the path from the local quarry. According to petrographic studies [47], the main limestone quarry of the Saqqara site could correspond to the Dry Moat that encircles the Djoser Complex, providing access on the four sides of the pyramid for the extracted blocks and reducing the average length of the ramps.
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- As a first approach, we analyzed potential reasons for the specific building of King Djoser’s Complex on the Saqqara Plateau.
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- Finally, if both lifting (when filling the shaft) and hauling (when draining the shaft) were used, the water consumption would decrease by two-thirds.
- Therefore, the beginning of the pyramid building was most probably performed using ramps prolonging the path from the local quarry.
- This assumption has been reinforced by Deslandes’ discoveries of at least two east-west pipes, about 80 m long, connecting the Djoser’s Complex’s subterranean layouts to the Dry Moat’s eastern side [91].
- On this short timeframe on the scale of human history, Egyptians carried and raised some 25 million tons of stones [4] to build seven monumental pyramids.
Basically, the six-step Step Pyramid itself stands slightly off-center in a rectangular enclosure toward the south and reaches a height of approximately 60 m (Fig 11). The pyramid consists of more than 2.3 million limestone blocks, each weighing, on average [2], 300 kg, resulting in a total estimated weight of 0.69 million tons and a volume of ≈330,400 m3. Its downstream position might indicate a second retention basin or possibly an extension [45] of the first one. The western part of this compartment (stairs area) perfectly aligns with the base levels of the Djoser’s complex south and north shafts, which points towards a connection between the three [86]. If so, it would be aligned with the recently discovered pipe of a 200 m-long tunnel linking the bottom of Djoser’s Complex’s southern and northern shafts [91] (see next section, Fig 11).
4 Consistency of the internal architecture of the Djoser’s complex with a hydraulic lift mechanism
Its bottom part widens to ≈10 m on the last, deepest 6 m, forming a chamber (Fig 12 and S6 Fig in S2 File). On its upper part, the shaft extends above the ground level by at least four meters inside the Step Pyramid in the shape of a hemispherical vault that was recently reinforced (Fig 11, inset 5). However, as noticed by Lauer, the shaft sides above ground level display comparable masonry to that of the southern shaft, indicating a possible upward extension [3]. The Deep Trench connects at least three massive subterranean compartments [45, 47] (Fig 8, red parts) meticulously carved out with precisely cut surfaces [78] (Fig 9) and joined by a tunnel [77].
Beyond Technical Analysis : How to Develop and Implement a Winning Trading System
The substructure features at least 13 shafts, including two significantly sizeable twin shafts located at the north and south of the complex (Fig 11, insets 3&4), and an extensive and well-organized network of galleries descending up to 45 m below ground level [102]. The north shaft is surrounded by four comb-shaped structures distributed on each side and angled 90° apart. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) revealed that the twin shaft layouts are connected [91, 102] by a 200 m-long tunnel.
They suggest that the ancient architects had some empirical and theoretical understanding of the phenomena occurring within these structures. The presence of two shafts with two similar granite boxes and almost identical substructures was previously explained as a separation of the body and spirit of Djoser [100]. Several authors and explorers excluded the possibility of King Djoser’s burial in the north shaft [15, 103].
Conversely, most joints between the box’s side and bottom stones, connected with the permeable bottom layer, were free from mortar. From our 3D models, we estimate that ancient architects extracted more than 30,000 tons of limestone from the bedrock to dig the whole underground structure. In essence, we discovered and highlighted for the first time that the Deep Trench’s position and design are consistent with possible use as a water treatment and storage system capable of cleaning and storing thousands of cubic meters of water.
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In 2020, Wong provided evidence that the climate, geology, and hydrology would have influenced building choices and may have contributed to, or perhaps accelerated, the emergence of stone architecture on the Saqqara plateau [37]. As a result, the hydraulic mechanism may have only been usable when sufficient water supply was available, so it may have only been used periodically. Other techniques, such as ramps and levees, were likely used to bring the stones from the quarries and adjust their positions around the lifting mechanism or when it was not in operation.
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Their analysis provided both chambers and gallery systems with a technical dimension, emphasizing a level of engineering on the part of the ancient builders that is quite remarkable and sometimes challenges any apparent explanation. This technical level is at once reflected in the geometry of the rooms and ducts, as well as in the stonework, which includes materials selection, extraction, cutting, and then assembling with exceptional accuracy [20]. This precision involved several advanced sub-techniques, such as inter-block mortar joint realization [26–29] or stone polishing with flatness and roughness values that reach levels of contemporary know-how. These elements suggest that, rather than an aesthetic rendering or a funerary use for these layouts, ancient Egyptians intended technical functions for some walls, tunnels, corridors, shafts, and chambers where more straightforward existing techniques were insufficient. The beginning of the pyramid building was most probably performed using ramps prolonging the path from the local quarry, possibly the Dry Moat [44]. To provide an upper bound of water consumption, we modelled the pyramid building using the hydraulic lift from the first layer at ground level.
Below the chamber ceiling and just above the orifice, an unsheathed wooden beam was anchored in the east and west walls (Fig 12C). This beam likely supported ropes to lift the plug, similar to those found in the south shaft with friction traces [108]. The internal and external architecture of the Djoser’s Complex is thoroughly documented [1, 3, 100, 101].
